1.请写几个含有性别歧视的英语谚语,

构词是语言的基本要素之一，在英语构词方面我们可以看到许多性别歧视的例子。最突出的例证莫过于history，它是由his 和story 构成的，也就是说，历史是男人的故事，没有也不需要女人的参与。

(1)以man结尾、含有man的复合词及派生词。这一类词泛指男女两性，但从表述效果来看，对于男女性别指代往往不是很清晰，甚至仅仅向读者或听众传递男性形象。例如： ① Man is the most

intelligent ofall species. ② All menshouldmaintain the ecologicbalance.

这些句子容易误导人们忽视女性的存在以及女性在历史发展进程中的作用，可将其更改为：①Humankind/

of all species.② A ll people should maintain the ecological balance.或veryoneshouldmaintain theecological balance.

在英语词汇中，还有很多含有man的复合词及派生词，均带有明显的性别歧视色彩。这一类词主要有m an-kind、man-made、freshman、manhood、manly、to man、man hours、manpower等等。在实际应用中，应将其更改为humanbeings、synthetic、first-year student、adulthood、strong、to operate、work hours、workforce。

(2)英语中有一些以-ess,ette,rix和enne等阴性词缀结尾，如Actress、Authoress、Suffregatte、Usherette、Administratrix、aviatrix、Comedienne，他们往往含有微不足道、无足轻重或卑微低下的含义，因此要避免使用这一类词缀，并可改变使用or,an,er,ist等无性别歧视的词缀。

(3)在含有man的英语短语中，我们也不难发现有很多带有性别歧视色彩的，如be one's ownman、good will to man、Jack o f all trades、Manoftheworld、Man inthestreet、Toaman等等，如果我们在使用这些短语是将其置换为beone'sown person、goodwill toall、personof all trades、person of the world、person In the street、every person就显得更为客观和容易被接受了。

2.如何在英语阅读课堂上应对中英文谚语中出现的性别歧视

（一）人际称谓

亲昵称谓

在西方，男性上司称呼他们的女性下属时可以用一些表示亲密关系的昵称，如sugar, darling, sweetie, girlie； 反过来，女性下属却不能用这些昵称来称呼她们的上司，而且女性上司也不能如此来称呼她们的男性职员，可是，陌生男子或非亲密关系的男子却可用昵称来称呼女子，这说明在英美社会女性比男性社会地位低，受到的尊重比男性少。[2](P74)

姓名称谓

在西方 ，女子婚前一般用父姓 ，婚后改用丈夫的姓 ， 例如 ：在西方婚礼上 ，新郎新娘步入教堂时 ，牧师宣布：“I now pronounce you man and wife.”“婚后的男子依旧是man ，而婚后的女子则由Miss变成了wife这种现象不乏女权主义者和职业妇女。”[2](P74) 当时的美国总统Bill Clinton的夫人Hilary Rodhamon也在为自己的 ，即支持已婚女性不仅应当标注夫姓 ，而且只应当标注夫姓 ，而不应继续标注父姓。尽管Hilary Rodhamon本人是一位女权运动者 ，但她还是把自己的名字根据丈夫和自己的政治需要， 先从Hilary Rodhamon改为Hilary Rodhamon Clinton， 最后改为Hilary Clinton。但是， 不管怎么改， 都不能超出如下选择： 要么跟父亲姓， 要么跟丈夫姓。这种以丈夫的姓冠之于前的称呼 ，表明妇女出嫁后就成了丈夫的私有财产， 是属于丈夫的， 因此无法得到与丈夫平等的权利。未婚女性用Miss冠以父姓， 已婚的用Mrs.或Lady冠以丈夫的姓氏。

指代称谓

1）提到男女双方时，双方不是处于平等地位，而是男先女后。

King and queen, brother and sister, father and mother, boys and girls, husband and wife, Adam and Eve, man and woman, Mr. Lucas and his wife Louise.

2）. 一些形式上没有男性标志的词意，人们习惯上把它们当作是男性词看待。

英语及其它讲英语国家的人习惯认为 professor, doctor, lawyer, surgeon, barrister, magistrate 等为男性，当我们听到有人说：My cousin is a professor 时，多数人会断定professor为男性。若要说明这些词是女性的，一般可在前面加上woman, lady, female 等 修饰语。如：woman professor, lady doctor, female worker等，这些所谓的中性词的用法从一个侧面反映出旧社会中地位较高的职业为男子所垄断，相反地teacher, nurse , secretary, model 等人们一般认为是女性，如为男性时前面要加上male或是man，如：male nurse, man teacher。这些习惯除了历史现实情况有关，也可以说是一种社会偏见。

3.准备写一篇关于“语言也能产生歧视”的论文,麻烦推荐几本参考书

Bibliography I .Adamsky, Cathryn. Changes in pronominal usage in a classroom situation. Psychology of Women Quarterly 5 [J]: 733一779, 1981. 2. Andersen, M. L. and Collins, P. H. Race, Class, and Gender. Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1995. 3. Bloor Thomas and Bloor Meriel. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hailidayan Approach. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. 4. Bolinger, D. Language: the Loaded Weapon. London: Longman, 1980. 5. Brown, Gillian and George Yule. Discourse Ana加is. Cambridge University Press, 1983. 6. Butler, C. S. Systemic Linguistics: Theory and Application. London: Batsford, 1985. 7. Butler Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge, 1990. 8. Cameron, Deborah. Feminism and Linguistic Theory. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992. 9. Coates, Jennifer. Women, Men and Language. London&New York: Longman, 1986. 10. Crawford, M. Talking D沙rence: On Gender and Language. London: Sage, 1995. 11.Cutler, A.,McQueen, J.M.&Robinson, K. Elizabeth and John: sound patterns of men's and women's names. Journal of Linguistics, 26 (1990), 471-482. I2. Daly, Mary. Gynecology: The metaethics of Radical Feminism. Boston: Beacon Press, 1978. 13. Ellis, R. Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1999. 14. Fairclough, Norman. Language and Power. London&New York: Longman, 1989. I5. Fairclough, Norman. Critical Language Awareness. London: Longman, 1992. 16. Fasold, R. W. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990. 17. Fowler, Roger. Linguistic Criticism. Oxford University Press, 1986. I8. Gibbon, Margaret. Feminist Perspectives on Language. New York: Person Education Limited, 1999. 19. Graham, Alma. The Making of a Non-sexist Dictionary. In Barrie Thorne and Nancy Henley eds, pp. 57一63, 1975. 20. Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (Second Edition). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. 21 .Hendricks, C. and Oliver, K. Language and Liberation: Feminism, Philosop似and Language. New York: State University of New York Press, 1999. 22. Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. 23. Jespersen, O. The Growth and Structure of the English Language. New York: Doubleday, 1938. 24. Key, M. R. Male，作male Language. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1975. 25. Kidd, Virginia. A study of the images produced through the use of the male pronoun. Moments in Contemporary Rhetoric and Communication 1(2) [J]: 25一30, 1971. 26. Lakoff, R. Language and Women's Place. New York: Harper and Row, 1975. 27. Lyons John. Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. 28. Martyna, Wendy. What does `he'mean? Use of the Generic Masculine. Journal of Communication 28 (1) [J]: 130一139, 1978. 29. Miller, Casey and Swift, Kate. The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing: for writers, editors and speakers. New York: Lippincott and Crowell, 1980. 30. Mills, Sara. Feminist Stylistics. London: Routledge, 1995. 31. Mills, Sara. Post Feminist Text Analysis. Language and Literature, Nov. 1998. 32. Nilsen, Alleen P.; Bosmajian, Haig eds. Sexism and Language. Urbana, Ill.: National Council of Teachers of English, 1977. 33. Pauwels, Anne. Women Changing Language. London&New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1998. 34. Penelope, Julia. Speaking Freely. New York: Pergamon Press, 1990. 35. Scollon, Ron and Scollon W. Suzanne. Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2000. 36. Simpson, P. Language, Ideology, and Point of 1Tew. New York: Routledge, 1993. 37. Spender, Dale. Man-made Language (2"d edition). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985. 38. Stanley, Julia, P. Gender-marking in American English: usage and reference. In Alleen P. Nilsen, Haig Bosmajian, etc. eds Sexism and Language. Urbana, Ill.: National Council of Teachers of English, pp. 43一74, 1977. 39. Thorne, B&Henley, N. eds Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance. Mass: Newbury House, 1975. 40. Thorne, Barrier Kramarae, Cheris; Henley, Nancy eds. Language, Gender, and Society. Mass: Newbury House Publishers, 1983. 41 .Todd, A. Dundas and Fisher, Sue, ed. Gender and Discourse: the Power of Talk. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Pub. Corp., 1988. 42. Wardhaugh, Ronald. Language in Competition. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987. 4。

4.英语谚语中的fish

英语口语里，fish还常常被用来指“人”，类似于汉语里的“家伙、东西”等。如：a poor fish（可怜虫），a big fish（大亨），a cool fish（无耻之徒），a strange fish（奇人、怪人），a loose fish（放荡鬼）等。但必须注意的是，fish用来指人时形象虽然鲜明，但往往含有贬义。

由fish构成的习语也非常生动有趣。如：fish in the air本意为“空中钓鱼”，喻指“方法（向）不对而达不到目的”，相当于汉语中的成语“缘木求鱼”。又如：like a fish out of water喻指“如鱼离水、感到生疏”，feel the fishes喻指“葬身鱼腹；晕船”。

含fish的一些谚语更加赋有哲理性。如：

1.Never offer to teach fish to swim.不要班门弄斧。（原意为：决不要教鱼游泳。）

2.The best fish smell bad when they are three days old.久居别家招人嫌。（原意为：鱼过三天就要臭。）

3.He who would catch fish must not mind getting wet.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。（原意为：捉鱼不要怕鞋湿。）

4.There's as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it.纵然失去一个机会，不愁没有其他机会。（原意为：海里的好鱼是取之不尽的。）

5.急求《格言》中的一篇文章关于我们是否应该歧视别人

All things in their being are good for something. 天生我才必有用。

Difficult circumstances serve as a textbook of life for people. 困难坎坷是人们的生活教科书。 Failure is the mother of success. -- Thomas Paine 失败乃成功之母。

For man is man and master of his fate. 人就是人，是自己命运的主人。 The unexamined life is not worth living. -- Socrates 混混噩噩的生活不值得过。

-- 苏格拉底 None is of freedom or of life deserving unless he daily conquers it anew. -- Erasmus 只有每天再度战胜生活并夺取自由的人，才配享受生活的自由。 Our destiny offers not the cup of despair, but the chalice of opportunity. So let us seize it, not in fear, but in gladness. -- R.M. Nixon 命运给予我们的不是失望之酒，而是机会之杯。

因此，让我们毫无畏惧，满心愉悦地把握命运。-- 尼克松 Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. -- John Ruskin 生活没有目标，犹如航海没有罗盘。

-- 罗斯金 What makes life dreary is the want of motive. -- George Eliot 没有了目的，生活便郁闷无光。 -- 乔治 · 埃略特 Towering genius disdains a beaten path. It seeks regions hitherto unexplored. -- Lincoln 卓越的天才不屑走旁人走过的路。

他寻找迄今未开拓的地区。 There is no such thing as a great talent without great will - power. -- Balzac 没有伟大的意志力，便没有雄才大略。

-- 巴尔扎克 The good seaman is known in bad weather. 惊涛骇浪，方显英雄本色。 Fear not that the life shall come to an end, but rather fear that it shall never have a beginning. --J.H. Newman 不要害怕你的生活将要结束，应该担心你的生活永远不会真正开始。

-- 纽曼 Gods determine what you're going to be. -- Julius Erving 人生的奋斗目标决定你将成为怎样的人。 -- 欧文 An aim in life is the only fortune worth finding. -- Robert Louis Stevenson 生活的目标，是唯一值得寻找的财富。

-- 史蒂文森 While there is life there is hope. 一息若存，希望不灭。 -- 英国谚语 Try not to become a man of success but rather try to become a man of value. -- A. Einstein 不要为成功而努力，要为做一个有价值的人而努力。

-- 爱因斯坦 You have to believe in yourself. That's the secret of success. -- Charles Chaplin 人必须有自信，这是成功的秘密。 -- 卓别林 Pursue your object, be it what it will, steadily and indefatigably. 不管追求什么目标，都应坚持不懈。

We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope. -- Mattin Luther King 我们必须接受失望，因为它是有限的，但千万不可失去希望，因为它是无穷的。 -- 马丁 · 路德 · 金 Energy and persistence conquer all things. -- Benjamin Franklin 能量加毅力可以征服一切。

-- 富兰克林 Nothing seek, nothing find. 无所求则无所获。 Cease to struggle and you cease to live. -- Thomas Carlyle 生命不止，奋斗不息。

-- 卡莱尔 A thousand-li journey is started by taking the first step. 千里之行，始于足下。 Strength alone knows conflict, weakness is below even defeat, and is born vanquished. -- Swetchine 只有强者才懂得斗争；弱者甚至失败都不够资格，而是生来就是被征服的。

-- 斯威特切尼 The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for circumstances they want, and if they cannot find them, make them. -- Bernara Shaw 在这个世界上取得成就的人，都努力去寻找他们想要的机会，如果找不到机会，他们便自己创造机会。 -- 萧伯纳 A strong man will struggle with the storms of fate. -- Thomas Addison 强者能同命运的风暴抗争。

-- 爱迪生 He who seize the right moment, is the right man. -- Goethe 谁把握机遇，谁就心想事成。 -- 歌德 Victory won't come to me unless I go to it. -- M.Moore 胜利是不会向我们走来的，我必须自己走向胜利。

-- 穆尔 Man struggles upwards; water flows downwards. 人往高处走，水往低处流。 Man errs as long as he strives. -- Goethe 失误是进取的代价。

-- 歌德 The failures and reverses which await men - and one after another sadden the brow of youth - add a dignity to the prospect of human life, which no Arcadian success would do. -- Henry David Thoreau 尽管失败和挫折等待着人们，一次次地夺走青春的容颜，但却给人生的前景增添了一份尊严，这是任何顺利的成功都不能做到的。 -- 梭罗 A man can fail many times, but he isn't a failure until he begins to blame somebody else. -- J. Burroughs 一个人可以失败很多次，但是只要他没有开始责怪旁人，他还不是一个失败者。

-- 巴勒斯 In time of prosperity,friends will be plenty ,In time of adversity,not one amongst twenty. 得势时朋友盈门，失势时不见一人，富在深山有远亲，穷在闹市无人问 Hope for the best and prepare for the worst 抱最好的希望 做最坏的大算 Poverty is not a shame, but the being ashamed of it is 贫穷非耻辱 耻贫乃耻辱。

6.中英文谚语中的巧合与差异（答得好,高悬赏）

好像只有死记硬背 给你点谚语的标准翻译把

一朝被蛇咬，十年怕草绳

once bitten, twice shy.

一言既出，驷马难追

A word spoken is past recalling.

一见钟情

to fall in love at first sight

一箭双雕/一举两得

Kill two birds with one stone.

一寸光阴一寸金

Time is money.

一失足成千古恨

The error committed on impulse may turn out to be the sorrow of a whole life.

一将功名万古枯

What millions died that Caesar might be great.

一年之计在于春，一日之计在于晨

Plan your year in spring and your day at dawn.

一人难称百人意

You cannot please everyone.

一气呵成

Never make two bites of a cherry

一白遮三丑

A white complexion is powerful enough to hide seven faults.

一知半解

A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

一心一意

John is a person who always works with undivided attention.

一丘之貉

These people are cut from the same cloth./are tarred with the same brush.

一目了然

His words just leapt to the eye. Do you need me to explain it?

一帆风顺

His business has gone off without a hitch.

一刻千金

You have to make good use of time. After all, every time counts.

一事无成

I am happy to know that all have ended in smoke about him.

一败涂地

The outcome of the election just bit the dust.

一针见血

His comment on the current affairs always hits the right nail on the head

7.有人可以给我一些 马丁路德金 关于种族歧视的的名言吗

1. In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends.在最后，我们会记得的不是敌人的话语，而是朋友们的沉默。

2. I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for the law. 我提出：一个违反良心告诉他那是不公正法律的人，并且他愿意接受牢狱的刑罚，以唤起社会的良心认识到那是不正义的，实际上他表现了对法律的最高敬意。3. The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.对一个人的终极衡量，不在于他所曾拥有的片刻安逸，而在于他处于挑战与争议的时代。

4. a man who stands for nothing will fall for anything 一个没有立场的人总是相信任何事5 Hatred paralyzes life; love releases it. Hatred confuses life; love harmonizes it. Hatred darkens life; love illuminates it.（仇恨瘫痪生命，爱却能释放生命。仇恨混浊生命，爱却能圆融生命。

仇恨使生命黑暗，爱却能照亮生命。）6 Now, I say to you today my friends, even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.（现在，我今天对我的朋友说，即使我们面对今天与明天的困难，我仍然有一个梦想。

这是一个深植於美国梦的梦想。）7 I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: -- "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." 我有一个梦：有一天这个国家将会兴起，并且活出它的信念的真正意义——「我们把这些真理当作是自明的，所有的人生而平等！」。