Business Communication 对生活的影响 跨文化商务交际作业、一分钟

一、语用能力与交际能力及其关系的理论阐释语用能力就是指准确、得体地运用语言达到交际目的的能力。

Hymes提出的交际能力有四个构件：语法形式的正确性，实施手段上的可行性，语境中的适宜性和现实中的实施情况。Habermas认为交际能力是使语言结构在语境中出现和语言知识在语境中的运用，Wunderlich强调交际能力是个人在集体内进行的言语行为，交际能力须体现普遍性和从属于社会文化的交际可能性。

Canale和Swain(1980)把交际能力概括为语法能力、社会语言能力、话语能力和策略能力，其中语法能力相当于Chomsky所说的“语言能力”，其余三部分即“语用能力”。Leech进一步提出语用语言学和社交语言学的分支后，语用能力就相应分为语用语言能力和社交语用能力。

语用语言能力以语法能力为基础，涉及语言的使用规则，既包括正确使用语法规则谴词造句的能力，又包括在一定的语境中正确使用语言形式以实施某一交际功能的能力；社交语用能力是遵循语言使用的社会规则进行得体交际的能力，是更高层次的语用能力。Widdowson(1989)认为，“能力”即指知识和技能，前者相当于语法能力，后者相当于语用能力。

何自然（1998）总结为：“语用能力可以解释为运用语言进行得体交际的能力，它可以简化为表达和理解两个方面”。综各家所述，交际能力是一种对语言、技能、语境、社会关系和社会文化知识全面掌握的综合能力。

掌握语言——指掌握语法知识，掌握技能——指运用听、说、读、写、译的技能，掌握语境——指选择所出语境、说话场所相适应的话语，掌握社会关系——指掌握交际者之间的关系，即根据对方的社会地位和身份说出得体的话语，掌握社会文化知识——主要指了解跨文化差异。显然，后四个方面的交际能力都涉及到语用问题。

学习一门语言就是培养学生该门语言的语用能力。学习商务英语的目的是为了获得使用外语进行国际商务交际的能力。

语法能力指语言系统中的语音、语调、词汇、句法以及抽象的语义或脱离语境的知识；而语用能力则指语言使用者在具体的语境下准确地理解别人和表达自己的能力。它与语言使用者的多层知识和驾驭语言的能力有关，它是交际能力的基础，达到交际目的的前提。

判断一个人的语言能力如何，主要看他在具体的交际场合或环境能否做到用词准确、表达得体。由此可见，语用能力是构成交际能力的重要组成部分，语言教学的目的是培养学生的交际能力，而交际能力的培养离不开语用能力的培养，语用能力的具备又最终通过交际能力体现出来。

二、语用的正确、得体与跨文化商务交际商务交往中，“正确”（correctness）与“得体”（appropriateness） 哪一个更重要呢？应该承认，从交际的意义上说，往往是得体比正确更重要。中国人说外语，如果在发音和语法上有毛病，那并不奇怪，很容易得到以英语为母语的人的谅解；如果语音语法都正确，但说话不看场合，不分对象，那就很可能引起英美人的不快甚至反感，造成交际失败。

跨文化交际渗透于商务交际的各个方面。下面是一位学者在国外友人举行的招待会上交际失败的例子。

宴会上，中国学者（C）见到一位美国教授（A）从自己皮包里面取出餐巾纸给他用，对话如下：C: They are so beautiful, aren't they?A: They really are. I bought them in New York.C: Well, well. We don't have to use them. You may save them for your important guests.A: What do you mean? Don't you think you are my important guest？在中国人心目中，一旦对方为自己所接纳，友谊的方式往往是视其为“自己人”，在交往中，无需过于客气。对话中C本来想表达接受款待时的谦虚，言外之意是“既然我们是很好的朋友，您也无需用如此好的餐巾纸来给我用，不如留作它用”。

C所说的important guests指关系疏远而需要讲究礼节的客人，但美国人视亲密朋友为重要客人。C间接的客套出发点是为了加强友谊，而结果却截然相反。

在美国友人眼中，C好像不是important guest。结果双方的脸面都受到不应有的伤害，这是C万万没有料到的。

这一实际生活中的例子不禁让人们反思这样一个问题：为什么中国学生经过那么多年的英语学习，最终还不能直接同外国人交流呢？商务英语教学中，教师不仅要给学生传授语言知识，分析专业业务内容，更应该注重文化背景知识的传授，尤其需让学生养成摄取交际文化的习惯。但是，在实际教学中，许多教师把文化背景知识理解为除了语言以外的、由语法反映的或与语言有关的一切文化知识，认为跨文化交际方面的知识只能通过给高年级大学生开选修课程去传授，结果导致整个教学系统紊乱，学生在实际运用中经常“碰钉子”。

在我国商务英语教学中，传统上一贯比较重视语音、语法和词汇的学习。相比之下，对语用的问题注意却不够。

究其原因，主要是因为语用知识不同于语法，没有固定的规律可遵循，在一般的教科书上也很少提及。语用知识在很大程度上与许多非语言因素有关，同一句话在不同的背景中可以有不同的含义。

“文化差异也是造成交流失败的一个重要方面。但是文化差异并不完全都是由语言差异造成的，。

帮我写一个英语的“daily speech"

词汇简单，还有翻译！ Never Give Up We often hear people say, “Never give up.” These can be encouraging words and words of determination. A person who believes in them will keep trying to reach his goal no matter how many times he fails. In my opinion, the quality of determination to succeed is an important one to have. Therefore, I believe that we should never give up. One reason is that if we give up too easily, we will rarely achieve anything. It is not unusual for us to fail in our first attempt at something new, so we should not feel discouraged and should try again. Besides, if we always give up when we fail, we will not be able to develop new skills and grow as people. Another reason we should never give up is that we can learn from our mistakes only if we make a new effort. If we do not try again, the lesson we have learned is wasted. Finally, we should never give up because as we work to reach our goals, we develop confidence, and this confidence can help us succeed in other areas of our lives. If we never challenge ourselves, we will begin to doubt our abilities. In short, it is important that we do not give up when working for our goals. Whether we succeed in the end or not, we will learn something, and what we learn will help us to become better, more confident people. Furthermore, if we give up, we have non chance of attaining our goals, but if we keep trying, there is always a chance that we will succeed one day. 参考译文： 永不放弃 我们常听到人们说：“永远不要放弃。”

这句话可能是要鼓励别人，也可能是表示自己的决心。相信自己的人，不管经历多少次失败，都会不断试着要达到目标。

我认为，有成功的决心是每个人都应该有的重要特质。因此，我认为我们应该永不放弃。

其中一个理由是，如果我们太轻易放弃，就几乎无法完成任何事。我们第一次尝试新事物会失败，这是很平常的事，所以我们不应感到气馁，而应该要再试一次。

而且，如果我们总是一失败就放弃，就无法培养新技能并且不断地成长。我们应该永不放弃的另一个原因是，只有再努力一次才能从错误中学习。

如果我们不再试一次，那么我们所学到的教训就白白浪费了。最后，我们应该永不放弃，因为当我们努力达到目标的时候，我们就会培养出自信，而这种自信将有助于我们在生活的其他领域中获得成功。

如果我们不挑战自我，我们就会开始怀疑自己的能力。 简言之，当我们努力追求目标时，永不放弃是很重要的。

不管最后有没有成功，我们都会学到一些东西，而我们所学到的东西，将会使自己成为一个更好、更有自信的人。而且，如果放弃的话，我们就没有机会达到目标。

但是如果能不断地尝试，总有一天我们一定会有机会成功的。

英语写作：商务邮件开头如何写？Ifyoudon'

It is always better to use somebody's name if you know it.If it is the first time you are writing to someone,use either of the following：如果知道对方姓名，邮件中写上总是好的.如果这是你第一次写信给某人，可以用下面任意一种方式开头：For men:Dear Mr XXXX，写给男士：尊敬的XXX先生For women:Dear Ms XXXX，写给女士：尊敬的XXX女士once you get to know someone,i.e.after exchanging one or two emails or if you meet them in person,it is usually OK to use their first name.一旦你认识了对方，比如在往来一两封邮件或见过面以后，可以在邮件中称呼名字.Use Dear Sirs,if you are writing to more than one person even if the group of people includes women.如果你写邮件给两个或以上的人，即使这些人里有女士，请写“尊敬的先生们”Dear Ladies and Gentlemen,is wrong.“Ladies and Gentleman” is only used in formal speech."尊敬的女士们先生们”是错误的，这种用法只用在正式演讲中.The word Dear may be omitted in less formal emails.Instead,you may just open with the person's first name/people's first names.“dear”在不是特别正式的邮件中可以省去.你可以直接以对方（个人或群组）的名字开头.查看原帖>>。

请以“business communication”为题,写一篇两百个词左右的英语作

Business communication is of vital importance of making a successful business. We couldn't neglect the role of speaking skills. As far as I'm concerned, looking at other's eyes and speaking clearly and smoothly are the key points.

Firstly, when looking at the speaker's or listener's eyes means you treat the communication seriously. Everyone wants to be respected in any relationship not to mention the cooperation. In case of the truth that eye is the window of heart, looking at others' eyes indicates you show your respect and attention. In that case, you will gain respect and friendship in return.

Secondly, making others understand what you are taking is essential. Not everyone has a standard pronounciation of Mandarin, but when we speak at a clear and smooth tone it will also make it. As we all know, the misleading speaking always leads to broken conversation. So making your response correctly understood by others is the most fundamental case.

Admittedly, there are also other things are influential to communication like the dinstance, the word you choose and other stuff. Business communication is complex with various issues we should notice. After all, it focus not only on friendship but also on wealth.

In a world, the basic things we could do when chatting with your business partner or competitor, you should first look at his eyes and try to speak clearly and smoothing.

business ethice的英语作文

Business Ethics

Creating and sustaining an ethical corporation isn't as difficult as you might think; it's actually easier than some of the day-to-day business challenges you face. The keys to running an ethical company are accountability, honesty, and information transparency.

Corporations aren't ethical or evil in and of themselves--but people can be. So ethics must focus on you and the people you work with. Most people want to do the right thing, but organizational structure does not guarantee they will do the right thing, without meaning to or even knowing it. Structuring an ethical corporation makes the goal easier to achieve.

The challenge could not be more urgent. A substantial majority of people in China are dissatisfied with the social behavior of our corporations, say several recent news reports. Poor treatment of workers at home and abroad, products that don't perform as advertised, fake commodities, poor customer service, environmental pollution, to mention a few.

Responsible behavior is important to your business success, but let's not forget that you're in business--you're not out to solve the world's problems. So how do you balance the two? What does it mean to be ethical in business?

It simply requires that you follow your best moral instincts, even in areas that don't appear to involve moral issues, such as cost-benefit analyses. But while good ethics often equates to good business, sometimes it doesn't. Sometimes being truly ethical means giving up something you want in exchange for doing the right thing. That's why we worry about ethics in the first place--if it didn't cost us anything, everyone would be ethical all the time.

making a public speech英语作文

Last sunday. I and my father, mother, grandparents, brother went to shoushan

by bus. In the morning we came down the mountain. I saw wooded mountains, wild flowers bloom. We climb up the hill along the mountain path. Come halfway up the mountain, I feel a little tired,it began to rain,My West Lake silk umbrella missed,. Dad said to me,“Jane, don't do anything halfway.”at last,So I insisted reached the top, the top of the scenery so beautiful.We were flying kites, I was thirsty, my mother bought me a bottle of water, .finally we went home.finally,Since then, I've kept the umbrella。i was very happy

My name is 小明 and twenty years old.I am a second year student at the nanjing university.My major is business Administration and I am currently learning speech class.Speech class is my favorite class and I enjoy it.in the classroom,We join in class discussuion.We took the floor one after another.I hope other class to like speech class is interesting.。

大学英语第二版范文online business plan作文

On online Chatting

With the development of IT, online chatting is becoming increasingly popular with many people.

However, people's opinions about it vary from person to person. Some think that it has more problems than benefits. First, it is a waste of time, energy and money as it doesn't produce any useful information and products. Second, it is misleading to its users because cyberspace is actually an imaginary space where things are unreal or fictional.

But the advocates of online chatting support it because it is another way of recreation which is both exciting and relaxing. Besides, it helps them release their emotions and worries freely and safely. To them, it is very useful and wonderful.

As far as I am concerned, whether online chatting is good or bad depends on the person who does it.

control we can use it cientifically and properlyandcurbjits bad effect to the greatest extent.