英文的文献综述怎么写？（thenbsp;mainnbsp;barriernbsp;innbsp;

Notnbsp;surprisinglynbsp;speednbsp;readingnbsp;hasnbsp;anbsp;lotnbsp;tonbsp;donbsp;withnbsp;takingnbsp;goodnbsp;notesnbsp;becausenbsp;comprehensionnbsp;ofnbsp;whatnbsp;wenbsp;readnbsp;increasesnbsp;significantlynbsp;withnbsp;thenbsp;kindnbsp;ofnbsp;notesnbsp;wenbsp;takenbsp;andnbsp;hownbsp;oftennbsp;wenbsp;reviewnbsp;thosenbsp;notes.nbsp;(Seenbsp;“Takingnbsp;Notes“nbsp;chapter.)nbsp;Effectivenbsp;speednbsp;readingnbsp;increasesnbsp;comprehension.nbsp;Ifnbsp;younbsp;practicenbsp;thenbsp;skillsnbsp;innbsp;thisnbsp;chapternbsp;younbsp;shouldnbsp;doublenbsp;ornbsp;triplenbsp;yournbsp;readingnbsp;speednbsp;andnbsp;increasenbsp;yournbsp;comprehension.nbsp;Readingnbsp;tonbsp;understandnbsp;thenbsp;materialnbsp;isnbsp;betternbsp;thannbsp;readingnbsp;tonbsp;remember,nbsp;fornbsp;younbsp;cannotnbsp;reallynbsp;remembernbsp;informationnbsp;thatnbsp;younbsp;donbsp;notnbsp;understandnbsp;exceptnbsp;innbsp;thenbsp;shortnbsp;term.nbsp;Thisnbsp;chapternbsp;dealsnbsp;withnbsp;readingnbsp;fornbsp;understanding.nbsp;Thenbsp;chapternbsp;isnbsp;dividednbsp;asnbsp;follows:nbsp;1.nbsp;Personalnbsp;Readingnbsp;Position,nbsp;2.nbsp;Preparationnbsp;ofnbsp;Readingnbsp;Material,nbsp;3.nbsp;Readingnbsp;withnbsp;Purpose,nbsp;4.nbsp;Speednbsp;Reading.nbsp;Personalnbsp;Readingnbsp;Positionnbsp;Readingnbsp;whilenbsp;layingnbsp;onnbsp;yournbsp;bednbsp;ornbsp;sittingnbsp;innbsp;yournbsp;bestnbsp;oldnbsp;wornnbsp;chairnbsp;maynbsp;benbsp;verynbsp;comfortablenbsp;butnbsp;thesenbsp;arenbsp;thenbsp;worstnbsp;possiblenbsp;positionsnbsp;ifnbsp;younbsp;wantnbsp;tonbsp;comprehendnbsp;andnbsp;remembernbsp;whatnbsp;younbsp;havenbsp;read.nbsp;Reservenbsp;yournbsp;leisurelynbsp;positionsnbsp;fornbsp;yournbsp;leisurenbsp;reading.nbsp;Therenbsp;arenbsp;twonbsp;positionsnbsp;thatnbsp;arenbsp;bestnbsp;fornbsp;effectivenbsp;reading:nbsp;1.nbsp;sittingnbsp;innbsp;anbsp;firmnbsp;chairnbsp;withnbsp;yournbsp;feetnbsp;curlednbsp;undernbsp;thenbsp;chair;nbsp;thenbsp;booknbsp;isnbsp;proppednbsp;upnbsp;innbsp;frontnbsp;ofnbsp;younbsp;atnbsp;anbsp;45nbsp;degreenbsp;anglenbsp;sonbsp;thatnbsp;yournbsp;eyesnbsp;donbsp;notnbsp;havenbsp;tonbsp;refocusnbsp;asnbsp;younbsp;gonbsp;upnbsp;andnbsp;downnbsp;eachnbsp;page,nbsp;2.nbsp;standingnbsp;withnbsp;yournbsp;readingnbsp;materialnbsp;againnbsp;atnbsp;anbsp;45nbsp;degreenbsp;angle.nbsp;Younbsp;cannbsp;makenbsp;anbsp;platformnbsp;fornbsp;yournbsp;booknbsp;onnbsp;anbsp;highnbsp;chestnbsp;ofnbsp;drawersnbsp;ornbsp;similarnbsp;piecenbsp;ofnbsp;furniturenbsp;sonbsp;thatnbsp;itnbsp;actsnbsp;asnbsp;anbsp;podium.nbsp;Thesenbsp;positionsnbsp;arenbsp;effectivenbsp;becausenbsp;theynbsp;involvenbsp;younbsp;usingnbsp;bodynbsp;energynbsp;tonbsp;maintainnbsp;thesenbsp;positions.nbsp;Younbsp;neednbsp;tonbsp;usenbsp;approximatelynbsp;20%nbsp;ofnbsp;yournbsp;bodynbsp;energynbsp;tonbsp;benbsp;activenbsp;enoughnbsp;tonbsp;readnbsp;comprehensivelynbsp;andnbsp;withnbsp;increasednbsp;speed.nbsp;As。

英语专业文学方面 文献综述范文

文学太宽泛了，你必须一点点的把你的论文论述的观点缩小，不然你写什么都不知道。

1. 去图书馆找所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的所有英文资料，甚至是原文读本序言之类，也有你可以借鉴的句子。

2. 去电子阅览室，搜索所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的论文评论，找到你觉得有用的拷下来。

3. 到网上搜索下相关词条，如wiki百科的英文相关词条

4. 最好浏览一遍原文，看不懂的话中英文对照本也行。

~ 实例，首先是开头，小说介绍性文字：

Uncle Tom's Cabin, appeared in book form in 1852, is one of the most unusual books of American literature. Edmund Wilson wrote in an important reassessment in 1962 that Stowe's work is comparable to that of Dickens and Zola (as readers in her own day recognized); and the novel has often been read in Europe, both in the original and in numerous translations, as the masterpiece of social realism George Sand, George Eliot, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Hugo, and Heine found it to be (Wilson, 1962:3-58). （可以写个一两段）

然后，就你找到的文献，归类一下，分别说说他们讲了什么论点（顺便记下人名，书名，年份，页数）

最后，说说你将在自己论文里阐述的观点，The paper will mainly focus on 。

英语文献综述

Andre Maurois said that the motif used by most great writers is the passage from childhood to maturity and the disillusioning knowledge of truth. Charles Dickens uses this motif in Great Expectations to show the main character Pip as a well-rounded and developed character. Great Expectations follows Pip from a simple childhood to a lavish adulthood. He has a mysterious benefactor who helps him attain his rich lifestyle, and fills his head with hopes and dreams. When the benefactor turns out to be someone unexpected, he has trouble coming to grips with the harsh truth. As a real sign of maturity he then tries to make amends with those he had wronged.Throughout much of the novel, Pip had reasons to believe that a recluse named Miss Havisham was his benefactor. That led him to believe that she intended for her adopted daughter Estella to marry him. When it was discovered that the mystery person was actually a convict, Pip was faced with obstacles blocking his expectations. He was not really intended for Estella and the idea that a convict had given him so much money gave him shame. As a result, he pined away for a woman that he didn't have a chance with in the first place. He was not able to let go until a final confrontation in the end of the novel. Pip thought poorly of the convict, and wanted nothing to do with him. When he realized that the convict was more of a gentleman than he had been, he let the convict be closer to him rather than pushing him away.When Pip became an adult he moved to London, which was supposed to help him become both independent and a 'gentleman'. Even after that transition was achieved, he was still a child. He lived well beyond his means, spending large amounts on frivolous items such as extra clothes and furniture. The only good thing he did with his money was secretly supporting his friend and roommate Herbert. He reached a point where he began living frugally in attempt to pull out of debt. Pip had to reach a mature level of thought to assess his situation and realize his spending habits were not healthy.Among Pip's many false beliefs was the idea that his father figure Joe was simple and the opposite of a gentleman. Joe was a humble blacksmith, which contrasted to Pip's idea that gentlemen were rich socialites living the 'high life'. When Pip realized that his gentlemanly lifestyle was spoiling him (creating debt and arrogance) he became aware that his image of the ideal gentleman was wrong. He then went home to visit Joe and ask for forgiveness.'Maturity' is often used to describe a condition of full development and 'disillusion' means being freed from mistaken ideas. With these definitions in mind, it is easier to see how Maurois' idea is applicable to many works of literature. And it is more clear that his thought on motif is exemplified by Dickens'Great Expectations.。

Comparison between British English and American English 的英语文献

English in the contemporary world political, economic, cultural and other fields to play with temporary no other language can replace the role of English in a number of countries in addition to the mother tongue but also as a second language or foreign language in common use in many countries. As a symbol system, "English" is a kind of language, on their use, in today's world there are all sorts of "English" and "English" is in fact the name of a simple terms, we can not hope that justice Literal It is a single, homogeneous phenomenon it is all around the world and under different circumstances the use of the many variants of the English pool. However, due to geographical, historical, cultural, and social customs of different factors such as the impact of today's visit to English furniture has evolved into a wider impact on the two variants of the worldwide English, which is British English and American English. With the development of their own language, their own characteristics of the formation, and there are differences between. In American English and British English, is concerned about the characteristics of the "norms" word. In this paper, the British and American English in origin and development of a simple introduction, the United Kingdom and the United States in terms of language study and to explore differences in the two English-speaking characteristics and differences, the right to express and enrich the relevant knowledge of English, improve application English ability. QIN author of the "British English and American English", a book that "English is the world's most widely used language and the impact of one of the contemporary English into British English and American English. British English and American English is the same language, but English-speaking people in the use of the process, because of the geographical, social, education, occupation, gender, national factors such as changes in the characteristics of a different language. " • Professor David Kelishiteer "English: global lingua franca" that "as early as in the British colonial period, the United States and the English immigrants initially hometown native maintained close ties, their language is still with the British language change change. But with the passage of time, the British colonial Americas also have a kind of language is different from British English. " Together with the United States, a melting pot of various cultures, other countries and other nations by the language and culture of the United States eventually formed a variant of English - American English. "English: The international lingua franca" of the author clearly pointed out that "British English and American English is the standard of English in the two main variants of the former includes educated in the United Kingdom (England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, Australia , New Zealand and South Africa, use of the English language) that the latter educated in the United States, Canada, and other use of the English language. " With the development of international situation, it is noteworthy that although the British English literature should be in a very important position, but in modern science and technology fields, the United States replace the British English very English trend. REVIEW Gao Mei "American English entry," a book that: "After a long development, and English with the rapid development of the United States national strength, relying on the increasingly powerful technology, trade, military and cultural strength, from Kuifajiaoyang, the lack of cultural heritage , the lack of aesthetic language, the client growth for the world's recognized par with the United Kingdom's strong English language, its influence even more than British English early. " Some scholars maintain that the United States itself with the enhancement of national strength and the development of all fields and the two peoples through a variety of media exchanges increasing, the two countries have differences in language differentiation be reduced, American English and British English mutual cooperation, mutual infiltration will be an increasingly accelerated pace. "English: The international lingua franca" of the two authors that the "standard English" contains both the official language of, also includes informal style, as long as the language and grammar used to meet the standards on the English may be considered a "standard English", then to the United Kingdom and the United States that will also have a common "language", but at the same time allow minor differences exist. English is a universal 。

急求英语谚语文献综述范文

专科论文：英文谚语常用修辞手法赏析与注重同义词运用的汉语谚语相比，英语谚语更注重的是词的重复。

如： Let bygones be bygones.过去的就让它过去吧。 Everybody's business is nobody's business.三个和尚没水吃。

Such carpenters,such chips.什么木匠出什么活。 Grasp all,lose all.样样都要，全部失掉。

随着实践活动的增加和生活经验的积累，人们越来越多地认识到客观世界中存在着矛盾、对立的事物和 现象，如真与假、美与丑、善与恶等。这些相对的事物和现象在英语谚语中也得以体现，那就是大量使 用数词、反义词等，形成鲜明的对比。

如： It takes two to make aquarrel.一个巴掌拍不响。 A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.一鸟在手胜于二鸟在林。

Great talkers are little doers.多言者必少行。 What soberness conceals,drunkenness reveals.酒后吐真言。

5个滑稽的英语谚语！学习英语语法及词汇已经不容易，要试着理解英语俚语更有点不可思议。一些俚语很难理解，一些更似乎不知所云。

以下就有五条有趣的英语俚语你可以在日常生活中使用。只要小心正确使用就行！ “I'm happy as a clam.”想一想蛤蛎。

这和其他事物没任何关系啊。它们只是躺在沙滩或在海滩无所事事。

它们可不需要工作。当然听起来很高兴，不是吗？如果有人问，“你今天怎么样？”你就可以这么回答他们，告诉他们你的心情有多舒畅。

“I wouldn't touch that (or him/her) with a ten-foot pole.”不喜欢某物吗？可能是垃圾或是发臭的食物那样恶心的东西。又或是你不想交朋友甚至不想多聊的某个人呢？呣，你非常的不喜欢某事物或某人，不想接触甚至不想*近他们-就算是十英尺以外也不行！ “I think I went overboard.”如果你做事做过火了或是不够负责任的话，你就可以这么说。

“Going overboard”字面上的意思从船上掉下来，但是，作为俚语的话，这是一种承认自己做了不该做的事的表达方式。除此之外，类似的还有，“I've stepped over a line” 和“I've gone too far.”你还可以使用它来表示某人犯了个错误。

“You don't have a leg to stand on.”不不，这可不是告诉你某人没有腿。意思是他们争论的意见不对。

他们没有站立的腿是因为他们没有支持他们论点的事实。这个俚语是告诉某人他们不对的好方法。

“Break a leg！”真正的意思正好和字面上的相反。如果你对某人说此话时，意思是在祝福他们好运！这个俚语来自于一个迷信之说，无论你大声说出什么，真实的结果都会和说的相反。

因为出处于剧院，这一说法通常用来祝福某些表现出色。因此如果有人要作商务演示或是面试的话，你这么说别人听了就一定很开心。

英语专业毕业论文格式

英语专业论文格式规范 A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms （题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中，除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”） （学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中） 【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）

【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。） 1. Introduction （顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行） In both English and Chinese， …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). （段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前） 2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English， …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: (1) I don't know。

我不知道。 （2） I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。

（正文中的例子以（1）,(2)…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①， ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号） 3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms 3.1 The characteristics of English idioms （正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ,2., 3.，…；节的编号：1.1,1.2…，2.1,2.2…；小节的编号为：1.1.1, 1.1.2…。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i）,(ii)…；之后再采用字母加括号，如（a）, (b)，…；每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号） …. In conclusion， …. 3.2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms …. Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples （注意此句中夹注的另一种写法）： （9） We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. (10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it. …. 3.2.1 The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms … （i） …. …. （ii） …. …. 4. Conclusion …. Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981. 一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文（如英语毕业论文）一般都需要标题页，其书写格式如下：第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一，与下行（通常为by，居中）的距离则为5cm，第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期（均居中）。

如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写，则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名（如：Dr./Prof.C.Prager）及本门课程的编号或名称（如：English 734或British Novel）。打印时，如无特殊要求，每一行均需double space，即隔行打印，行距约为0.6cm（论文其他部分行距同此）。

就学生而言，如果英语论文篇幅较短，亦可不做标题页（及提纲页），而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名，与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm，以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号（或名称）及日期；各行左边上下对齐，并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白（下同）。

接下来便是论文标题及正文（日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印，不必留出更多空白）。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身，其规范格式如下：先在第一行（与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右）的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号，空一格后再打论题句，回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。

主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出，次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点，空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目，其上下行左边必须对齐。

需要注意的是，同等重要的纲。

毕业设计中的外文翻译到底写什么,文献综述呢？？？

毕业设计中的外文翻译就是内容提要，有一些导师会要求写成摘要，把内容提要的中文版翻译成英文即可。

值得一提的是，内容提要下方的关键字也需要翻译成英文。 内容提要是全文内容的缩影。

在这里，作者以极经济的笔墨，勾画出全文的整体面目；提出主要论点、揭示论文的研究成果、简要叙述全文的框架结构。 内容提要是正文的附属部分，一般放置在论文的篇首。

写作内容提要的目的在于： 1.为了使指导老师在未审阅论文全文时，先对文章的主要内容有个大体上的了解，知道研究所取得的主要成果，研究的主要逻辑顺序。 2.为了使其他读者通过阅读内容提要，就能大略了解作者所研究的问题，假如产生共鸣，则再进一步阅读全文。

在这里，内容提要成了把论文推荐给众多读者的“广告”。 因此，内容提要应把论文的主要观点提示出来，便于读者一看就能了解论文内容的要点。

论文提要要求写得简明而又全面，不要罗哩啰嗦抓不住要点或者只是干巴巴的几条筋，缺乏说明观点的材料。 内容提要可分为报道性提要和指示性提要。

报道性提要，主要介绍研究的主要方法与成果以及成果分析等，对文章内容的提示较全面。 指示性提要，只简要地叙述研究的成果（数据、看法、意见、结论等），对研究手段、方法、过程等均不涉及。

毕业论文一般使用指示性提要。 文献综述简称综述，是对某一领域，某一专业或某一方面的课题、问题或研究专题搜集大量相关资料，然后通过分析、阅读、整理、提炼当前课题、问题或研究专题的最新进展、学术见解或建议，对其做出综合性介绍和阐述的一种学术论文。

文献综述，一般都包含以下四部分：摘要、引言、主体和参考文献。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法、结果、动态和进展。

扩展资料： 文献综述看似简单，其实是一项高难度的工作。在国外，宏观的或者是比较系统的文献综述通常都是由一个领域里的顶级“大牛”来做的。

在现有研究方法的著作中，都有关于文献综述的指导，然而无论是教授文献综述课的教师还是学习该课程的学生，大多实际上没有对其给予足够的重视。而到了真正自己来做研究，便发现综述实在是困难。

以下为注意事项： ⒈ 搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的综述。

⒉ 注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。

⒊ 引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。

引用文献不过多。 文献综述的作者引用间接文献的现象时有所见。

如果综述作者从他人引用的参考文献转引过来，这些文献在他人引用时是否恰当，有无谬误，综述作者是不知道的，所以最好不要间接转引文献。 ⒋ 参考文献不能省略。

有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略，但文献综述绝对不能省略，而且应是文中引用过的，能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。 5.综述篇幅不可太长。

杂志编辑部对综述的字数一般都有一定数量的约定。作者在初写综述时，往往不注意这点，造成虚话、空话较多，重点不突出。

综述一般不宜超过4000字。 综述并不是简单的文献罗列，综述一定有作者自己的综合和归纳。

有的综述只是将文献罗列，看上去像流水账，没有作者自己的综合与分析，使人看后感到重复、费解，材料与评述不协调。 6.一些作者似乎把论文的引言看成是一种形式，是可有可无的部分，将引言的写作和正文的写作相分离，只是为了给论文加一顶帽子。

常见的现象是，一般化地论述研究的重要性，甚至从技术所涉及的行业在国民经济中的地位开始谈起，就像一篇领导的讲话稿。就是落脚于研究的主题，也是从宏观谈起到微观结束，停留在一般性的论述较多。

显然，这样做的结果是使读者无法准确地判断“论文命题”的具体价值，缺少对当前研究状况的概括和介绍，不知道作者的研究与以往的研究工作有什么不同？ 因此，科技论文的引言必须交代研究工作的背景，概括性地论述所研究问题的现状。对研究现状的论述，不仅是考查作者对资料的占有程度和熟悉程度，更重要的是从资料的全面程度和新旧程度可以判断研究工作的意义和价值，以及研究结果的可信度。

7. 引文罗列，缺少分析和概括。引言不仅要反映背景的广度，更重要的是要考查作者对研究背景了解的深度。

一般作者对研究的问题了解不深，在介绍研究现状时往往是列出一大堆参考文献，罗列出不同研究者的不同作法和结论，缺乏作者的分析和归纳，没有概括出研究的成果和存在的问题，有的甚至将一些与本文研究没有直接关系的文献也列在其中，片面地强调资料占有的丰富性。 尽管有人认为，对研究现状的介绍不同的杂志有不同的要求，但从论文写作的角度出发，引言的目的是阐述论文命题的意义，而并非是研究资料的综述，尽管综述对读者查找资料提供了方便。

因此，应当用作者自己的语言概括出研究的现状。