1.关于fossil fuel的作文（英语）

Fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas, are a non-renewable source of energy. Formed from plants and animals that lived up to 300 million years ago, fossil fuels are found in deposits beneath the earth. The fuels are burned to release the chemical energy that is stored within this resource. Energy is essential to moden society as we know it. Over 85% of our energy demands are met by the combustion of fossil fuels. These two pie charts show exactly how vital fossil fuels are to our society by showing how much of each energy resource is consumed.。

2.

说出作为能源利用化石燃料、水力发电和太阳能的优缺点。

或者：对作为能源利用化石燃料、水力发电和太阳能的优缺点基于评价。

（注：identify 的本意是鉴别、认定、识别）

回答

1. Fossil fuels include coal, oil shale, petroleum and natural gas. The cost to mine them is lower than that of hydroelectricity, but thier resources are limited. Besides, fossil fuels are prone to cause environmental pollution.

化石燃料包括煤炭、油页岩、石油和天然气。它们的采掘成本比水电低，但是资源有限，而且易于造成环境污染。

2. There is uncountable water in rivers and seas, therefor, the sources of hydroelectricity is rich. It is advantageous to prevent environment from polution to use hydroelectricity as an energy source. However, the construction cost is higher than any other energy source.

河流和大海中有取之不竭的水，因此水电资源是丰富的。利用水电作为能源易于避免环境受到污染，不过它的建设成本比其他能源都要高。

3. Solar energy is the cheapest one among all energy sources. It is from the sun, so it's resource is unfailing. The most important is that using solar energy is more advantageous to keep polution from enviroment .

太阳能在所有能源中是便宜的。它来自太阳，因此它的资源是无穷无尽的。最重要的是利用太阳能更利于保护环境。

3.急

Ladies and gental men:Good morning!As we know, things aren't always so simple. Since we did a Microsoft update the other day, one of the automated features on our server hasn't been working, so I am taking this opportunity till we get it fixed to write a few opening lines to you folks out there in cyberspace. Since first reading about the work of Colin Campbell and Jean Laherrere in April 2004, I have witnessed a great awakening of interest and understanding of the global Hubbert Peak. Now we are entering into a new phase; even the President of the United States has acknowledged that an oil problem exists. As energy costs rise, we are seeing a remarkable resurgence of new energy solutions. Old ideas are being dug up from the trash heap of history and enthusiasts are promoting perpetual motion machines, cold fusion, nuclear power, tar sands, "zero-point" energy and ethanol. Clean This and Smart That, Sustainable Solutions and Carbon-Neutral Technologies. Billionaires and mad scientists alike are seeking their way in uncharted waters, sometimes protected - at least until they plow our future into the ground - from the Second Law of Thermodyamics by government subsidies. In this confusing arena, it is hard to separate the wheat from the chaff. In the USA, a self-appointed "national" commission with a big budget cites a fraudulent study to advance their hidden agenda, and well-meaning policy wonks (who know how to do library research but didn't do so well in high school algebra) gobble it up as if it were gospel. We could stand by and watch from the sidelines if we had plenty of time and resources to rearrange things before the big crunch hits - say when global oil supply declines by 10-20% and everybody starts freaking out. Unfortunately, a temporary "transitional" solution could be more damaging than doing nothing. We would adjust to alternative fuels - tar sands, coal-to-liquids, ethanol, who knows what - and then these sources would run dry too. Then we would be completely in over our heads, even deeper than we are now, because we would have exhausted all the easy fossil fuels as well as the marginal sources (with more associated greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fossil fuels) without having built a viable, sustainable solution. This we cannot afford to do. We have to get it right. And there is no time to waste. How do we go forward? Answers must come from careful analysis of energy alternatives based on scientific fundamentals, not expedient economic metrics. It is tempting but altogether too dangerous to base societal-level energy investments on economic models shaped by the policies which are causing the status quo to fail in the first place. Many factors are critical to success, keeping the decision matrix full of complexities. I want to highlight just two key issues for the moment, and refer you to a matrix if you want to investigate options in greater depth. These two key issues are scalability and net energy. Due to the visibility of the US presidency, two proposed responses to peak oil are receiving a great deal of attention - hydrogen and ethanol. The "hydrogen economy" is also a favorite theme in Europe. However, though it is represented as a potential energy solution, hydrogen doesn't even qualify as an energy source - it must be created at considerable thermodynamic penalty from natural gas, electricity, or other sources. Ethanol - from corn, sugar cane or cellulose - requires prodigious amounts of fossil fuel for processing and cannot be brought to scale without destroying our planet's remaining forests, cultivated lands and aquifers. We can address the scalability of unconventional fossil fuel options, nuclear power, or renewable energy solutions by considering the ultimate recoverable amounts of fuels (including uranium) versus the staggering amount of sunlight that is imparted to the earth on a continuous basis. For example, all the conventional oil that has ever been consumed is equivalent to the energy of the sunlight intersecting our earth's surface (178,000 TeraWatts) for 12 hours. Turning then to the various forms of solar energy, in comparison to the average 13 TeraWatts (TW) of power actively produced by human ingenuity, it has been determined that, on land, the theoretical limit of photosynthesis is 7-10 TW, wind energy is 2-4 TW on land (more over water), hydroelectric is 0.7 TW and direct solar is at least 60 TW, making direct sunlight the most scalable source - if humanity can perfect the instruments at sufficiently large scale to convert sunlight into useful thermal, mechanical and electric energy. Net energy can be likened 。

4.Writing: Energy Crisis（写一篇英语作文120词）

With the oil price going up high in the global market,our attention is once again drawn by the energy problem.we have to admit that we're facing a new round of energy crisis. Currently,as the industry and agriculture develop so fast, the consumption of energy such as oil,gases or coals is dramatically increasing.On one hand, energy are urgently needed for the economic development.On the other hand,limited and unrecoverable energy, especially fossil fuels like oil and coals,can not offer us adequate supply.How long could the oil be used has been a controversy among the experts.Some think the store of the oil canonly maintain for thirty or fourty years.but some other experts who hold an opptimistic attitude believe that the oil we have now are enough to support us for as long as one or two hundred years.Despite whether these opinions are true or not,for one thing we are sure is the situation of energy we're facing is becoming worse and worse.The crisis has alreay come.So we must face it and try to solve it ,because we really dread to think what will become of us if one day we live without energy. Though we are aware of the energy crisis's coming,how to handle it becomes another tough problem.Nowdays,many countries are trying develop new types of energy which are clean and recyclable,for example,solar energy,nuclear energy and wind power.We hope, in the near future,these would be the subsititutes for the fossil fuels.In addition, another important means is to improve the efficiency of using oil and to avoid extra waste during the process of refinement.Meanwhile,educate people to save energy is also necessary. Altogether , it is a movement that needs everyone's participation,for energy has such a close relationship with our daily life.So,come on everybody,it's time for us to save ourself from the energy crisis.。